Theories of deceit

Traditionally, most researchers have focused on the study of lying (or fraud), whereas more subtle forms of introduction confusion has remained largely unexplored. The reason for that is the absence of a viable theoretical framework that could combine into a clear system different ways of introducing misconceptions, explain the mechanism of lies and has helped to identify clear and understandable definitions of these phenomena (Anolli, 2001). The creation of such a theoretical framework has become one of the main objectives in recent decades, and this has led to the emergence of various concepts. The most developed and modern concept – theory of manipulation (IMT).

IMT is currently one of the most discussed theories of deceit, it attracted the attention of psychologists from different countries (e.g., Anolli, 2001; Lapinski, Levine, 2000; Muraj, 1998; Yeung, Levine, and Nishiyama, 1999), however, Russian psychologists, this theory has not met, so it will be useful to describe in detail.

The theory of such manipulation was developed by Professor of the University of Michigan Makkormaka in 1992. The concept includes the idea that any behavior, the purpose of which is misrepresentation, by secret violations of the principles of dialog and is a manipulation of information. Dialog these principles were developed by the Gris, and include the principles of quality, quantity, manner and relevance.

Moreover, Gries made General, joint principle is an unwritten rule of communication that regulates the basic principles. According to the logic of Makkormaka, deception and lies occurs when there is a secret, deliberate manipulation of belief that both parties adhere to this General rule (Masip, 2004).